English

The story of English's evolution is complex, with roots extending back to the pre-Roman period, where the original inhabitants of the British Isles spoke Celtic languages.

With the arrival of the Romans in the first century AD, Latin became the language of administration, trade, and education in Britain. The influence of Latin on the British Isles was significant and lasted for centuries, with Latin words continuing to be used in English even today.

The influence of Celtic languages, however, did not disappear with the arrival of the Romans. In fact, many words in English have Celtic roots, such as "crag," "bog," and "loch," to name a few. These words have been a part of English's evolution since the beginning and continue to shape the language today.

Dr. Victor Davis Hanson

Victor Davis Hanson is an American classicist, historian, and commentator born on September 5, 1953, in Fowler, California, United States. He grew up on a farm in the Central Valley of California and attended the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he graduated with a B.A. in Classics in 1975. Hanson then received his Ph.D. in Classics from Stanford University in 1980.

Throughout his academic career, Hanson has written extensively on ancient Greek and Roman history, military history, and contemporary politics. He has authored or edited more than two dozen books, including "The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece" (1989), "The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny" (1999), and "Mexifornia: A State of Becoming" (2003).

Chess: the Ultimate Game of Consequences

Chess is a two-player strategy game that has been played for centuries. It is a game of skill, strategy, and tactics, and it has been studied extensively by chess players around the world. In order to become a strong chess player, it is important to understand the basics of chess theory.

The Board and Pieces

The chessboard is an 8x8 square grid, consisting of 64 squares of alternating colors. Each player has 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The pieces move in different ways, and each piece has its own value and importance.

The Objective

The objective of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king. This means that the opponent's king is in a position to be captured (in check), and there is no legal move that the opponent can make to get out of check. The game can also end in a draw if neither player is able to checkmate the other.

The Basque Language

The Basque language, also known as Euskara, is a unique language spoken in the Basque Country, a region located in the western Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain. The origins of the Basque language are unknown, and it is considered one of the oldest languages in Europe. Basque has no known linguistic relatives and is not related to any of the major language families of Europe. Historically, the Basques have been an isolated people, living in the Basque Country for thousands of years and maintaining their language and culture. The Basques have a long history of struggle for independence and self-determination, which has shaped their identity as a people.

Jack Vance

 

Jack Vance (1916-2013) was an American writer of science fiction and fantasy, widely regarded as one of the most important and influential writers in the genre. He was born in San Francisco and grew up in the Bay Area, where he studied mining engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. After serving in the U.S. Merchant Marine during World War II, Vance worked as a bellhop, a copper miner, and a seaman before turning to writing full-time in the early 1950s.

Vance's early stories appeared in pulp magazines like Thrilling Wonder Stories and Astounding Science Fiction, and he quickly gained a reputation for his inventive world-building, complex plots, and distinctive prose style. His first novel, "The Dying Earth" (1950), established him as a major new talent in the field of science fiction and fantasy. He went on to write more than 60 novels and numerous short stories over the course of his long career.

Ayn Rand

 

Ayn Rand was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, and political thinker, born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February 2, 1905, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Rand's family was well-educated and financially successful, but they lost their wealth and status after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Rand studied philosophy and history at Petrograd State University but was forced to leave after her father's business was seized by the Soviet government.

In 1926, Rand emigrated to the United States, where she began her career as a screenwriter in Hollywood. She later turned to writing novels and became famous for her works of fiction, including "The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged." Her philosophy of Objectivism, which emphasized individualism, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism, had a significant impact on conservative and libertarian thought in the United States.

Throughout her life, Rand was an outspoken critic of collectivism and totalitarianism, and she believed that individual rights were paramount. She also believed that artistic and intellectual pursuits were essential to the human experience, and she celebrated the virtues of individualism, rationality, and self-interest.

We the Living, by Ayn Rand

"We the Living" is a novel by Ayn Rand, published in 1936, that explores the struggles and hardships faced by individuals living under Soviet communism in post-revolutionary Russia.

The novel centers around the life of Kira Argounova, a young woman who, despite her intelligence and independent spirit, is unable to escape the oppressive regime that dominates her life. Throughout the novel, Rand portrays the Soviet system as a suffocating force that crushes the individual spirit and ambition of its citizens.